1526 Ergebnisse
Walter Ötsch beschreibt wie die Ökonomik sich von der Moralwissenschaft unter Adam Smith zu einer Wissenschaft mit einem biologisch determinierten Menschenbild unter Malthus und Ricardo entwickelt. In diesem Prozess kommen naturwissenschaftliche Metaphern (Uhr-System, Waage-Gleichgewicht, Computer-Information) immer mehr zum Tragen. Anhand der Geschichte wird die Entwicklung der modernen Neoklassik gezeigt. Dann wird die marktliberale Interpretation der Neoklassik kritisiert. Zum Schluss wird noch auf das fehlende Narrativ der Ökonomik zur Finanzkrise eingegangen und auf den nicht stattgefundenen Bruch mit der Marktradikalität der Eliten.
Wie hängen die Geldschöpfung der Geschäftsbanken und (endloses) Wirtschaftswachstum zusammen? Der Vortrag gibt eine Einführung in das Funktionieren des Bankensystems und die Logik der Geldschöpfung und geht dabei auch auf die Konzepte ein, die in der traditionellen Theorien nicht immer berücksichtigt werden: 1) Historische Entstehung von Geschäftsbanken 2) Geldschöpfung erhöht Geldmenge 3) Rolle der Zentralbank 4) Geldmengenwachstum führt zu Wirtschaftswachstum, Inflation oder spekulativer Blase?
With the onset of an economic crisis that has been universally acknowledged since the end of March, two main questions arise: To what extent is the corona pandemic the starting point (or even the cause) of this crisis? And secondly: can the aid programmes that have been adopted prevent a deep and prolonged recession?
The Great Recession 2.0 is unfolding before our very eyes. It is still in its early phase. But dynamics have been set in motion that are not easily stopped, or even slowed. If the virus effect were resolved by early summer—as some politicians wishfully believe—the economic dynamics set in motion would still continue. The US and global economies have been seriously ‘wounded’ and will not recover easily or soon. Those who believe it will be a ‘V-shape’ recovery are deluding themselves. Economists among them should know better but are among the most confused. They only need to look at historical parallels to convince themselves otherwise.
In diesem Vortrag äußert Heiner Flassbeck Kritik an der (deutschen) Wirtschaftspolitik nach der Finanzkrise. Dabei dekonstruiert er gängige Narrative in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften sowie in der Politik über die Europäische Währungsunion. Der Vortrag befasst sich unter anderem mit der Theorie der cost-push Inflation und Schuldendynamiken.
Peter Spahn beginnt mit einer Übersicht verschiedener Geldtheorien. Er geht dabei auf die Merkantilisten und ihren Fokus auf Reserven und Gold ein, der jedoch nicht einem Fetischismus geschuldet war, sondern der Wichtigkeit von Edelmetallen als Bankreserve und dadurch als Kondition für die Schöpfung von Bankkredit galt. Danach werden die klassische Theorie und insbesondere die Quantitätsgleichung und aus dieser folgende theoretische Ableitungen vorgestellt. In der Neoklassik wird Geld als Mittel zur Minimierung von Transaktions- und Informationskosten angesehen bzw. als Alternative zum Auktionator bei Walras. Aus Postkeynesanischer Sicht und aus der soziologischen Perspektive wird auf die Effekte einer Geldwirtschaft eingegangen, sowie auf die Bedeutung von Vertrauen und die institutionelle Knappheit des Geldes. Zum Schluss wird die aktuelle Geldpolitik der EZB problematisiert.
Keen first compares neoclassical approaches to modelling with heterodox ones. Then he discusses in length the required assumptions and the inconsistencies of the aggregate demand and supply model, which is extrapolated from a micro perspective. At the end some dynamic models with feedback mechanisms are shown.
Die Vorlesung präsentiert zunächst grundlegende Konzepte der Evolutionären Ökonomik, wie den Fokus auf Wandel, das naturalistische, aber nicht reduktionistische Konzept von Menschen und sozialen Institutionen sowie die zentralen Elemente der historischen Zeit, Unsicherheit und Wissen. Anschließend wird das Konzept der Ko-evolution auf verschiedenen interdependenten Ebenen präsentiert. Es wird betont, dass es nicht reduktionistisch ist, da die kulturelle Ebene z.B. die biologische beeinflussen kann. Im Anschluss werden verhaltenswissenschaftliche und neurale Einsichten gegeben. Die Vorlesung schließt mit einer Diskussion ab, die die Bedeutung von Statussymbolen diskutiert (mit Bezug zu Smith und Veblen) und Empfehlungen an die Ökonomik als Wissenschaft gibt, um wieder an Bedeutung zu gewinnen.
In this TedTalk Dan O Neil explains why GDP and infinite growth are concepts that we should leave behind and which other perspectives have been developed Degrowth post growth well being or steady state economy The goal is to rethink a new paradigm that puts society and the environment at …
Marx’s theory of the falling rate of profit is not only empirically borne out, but the theory he proposed seems to describe accurately how that happens. Furthermore, the whole process is useful for understanding the history of contemporary capitalism.
Michael Kalecki famously remarked “I have found out what economics is; it is the science of confusing stocks with flows”. Stock-Flow Consistent (SFC) models were developed precisely to address this kind of confusion. The basic intuition of SFC models is that the economy is built up as a set of intersecting balance sheets, where transactions between entities are called flows and the value of the assets/liabilities they hold are called stocks. Wages are a flow; bank deposits are a stock, and confusing the two directly is a category error. In this edition of the pluralist showcase I will first describe the logic of SFC models – which is worth exploring in depth – before discussing empirical calibration and applications of the models. Warning that there is a little more maths in this post than usual (i.e. some), but you should be able to skip those parts and still easily get the picture.
Lukas Zeise gives an overview of economic and financial crises in the past decades (since 80s). He explains how policies and which kinds of policy were used to mitigate the crises, but also how the emergence of the crises was influenced by these policies. Furthermore, he introduces past attempts of financial market regulation and argues why present policies have not been effective and which further regulatory measures should be implemented in order to overcome financial instability and to avoid future crises.
Diese Veranstaltung befasst sich mit Streikbewegungen in Europa in Zeiten der Krise. Zunächst referiert Alex Gallas zu unterschiedlichen theoretischen Zugängen zu Streikursachen und geht hierzu insbesondere auf Konflikttheorien und Perspektiven der Politischen Ökonomie ein. Zudem präsentiert Gallas Entwicklungen von Streiks während der Krise, erklärt die Tendenz zu vermehrten Generalstreiks und erläutert aktuelle Angriffe auf das Streikrecht. Im Anschluss, ab Minute 35, gibt Claus Weselsky einen praktische Perspektive aus den GDL-Streiks.
Zunächst werden zentrale Aspekte der Institutionellen Ökonomik als Paradigma in diesem Vortrag erläutert, wie mulitdimensionale Akteure, Dynamiken, Interdependenzen, Komplexität, Populationsdenken und Institutionen. Danach wird die historische Genese Institutioneller Ökonomik von Mandeville und Smith, über Malthus und Darmwin hin zu US-Institutionenökonomen erläutert. Zudem werden Einblicke ins Komplexitätsdenken in Bezug auf das Finanzsystem gegeben.
In diesem Video spricht die Journalistin Ulrike Hermann vom Anfang und Ende des Kapitalismus. Zunächst erläutert Hermann, was unter Kapitalismus und Kapital verstanden werden kann. Anschließend grenzt sie Kapitalismus vom Begriff Marktwirtschaft ab. Neben Errungenschaften des Kapitalismus nennt sie insbesondere dessen Krisenhaftigkeit und folgende Gefährdungen für die Demokratie als Gründe, warum über eine Transformation zu einer post-kapitalistischen Wirtschaftsordnung nachgedacht werden muss. Der Vortrag endet bei Minute 54.
One of the pluralist theories which has gained prominence following the 2008 financial crisis is Hyman Minsky and his Financial Instability Hypothesis (FIH). Minsky was unique in viewing balance sheets and financial flows as the primary components of capitalist economies, and his focus on the financial system meant he was well-equipped for foresee a crisis much like 2008. Although he died long before 2008 his framework anticipated many of the processes which led to the crash, particularly increased risk-taking and financial innovation which would outstrip the abilities of regulators and central banks to manage the system.
Firms are the primary places where economic activity takes place in modern capitalist economies: they are where most stuff is produced; where many of us spend 40 hours a week; and where big decisions are made about how to allocate resources. Establishing how they work is hugely important because it helps us to understand patterns of production and consumption, including how firms will react to changes in economic conditions and policy. And a well-established literature – led by post-Keynesians and institutionalists – holds that the best way to determine how firms work is to…wait for it...ask firms how they work. This a clearly sensible proposition that is contested in economics for some reason, but we’ll ignore the controversy here and just explore the theory that springs from this approach.
In seinem Vortrag erläutert Helge Peukert wie die neoklassische Denkschule und Wirtschaftspolitik zu der internationalen Finanz- und Schuldenkrise der letzten Jahre geführt hat. Hierbei übt Peukert besonders Kritik am bestehenden Banken - und Finanzsystem. Er zeigt auf welche Gefahren und Antriebsfaktoren solch ein System bergen kann.
This multimedia dossier is part of the series „Understanding Finance“ by Finance Watch. The dossier focuses on universal banks – banks that pursue commercial and investment banking and points out several problems of those megabanks, especially in the context of the financial crisis (too big to fail).
The Heterodox Economics Directory provides a broad variety of links to heterodox journals, books, conferences, study programs, teaching materials and blogs. Some categories are subdivided by schools of thoughts - it's a valuable source for heterodox material on the internet.
Das VWL-Basiswissen bietet Lerneinheiten zu Grundbegriffen und Denkrichtungen der Volkswirtschaftslehre an. Neben Einheiten zum BIP, Zahlungsbilanzen, Inflation, Wechelkursen gibt es Module zur Messung sozio-ökonomische Ungleichheiten und einer interdisziplinären Betrachtung auf Entwicklung. Im Theoriebereich liegt ein Fokus auf Globaler Ökonomie und Entwicklungstheorie, u.a. werden die Welt-System Theorie und postkoloniale Ansätue vorgestellt.
Founded in 1968, The Union for Radical Political Economics (URPE) is an interdisciplinary membership organization of academics and of activists. Its mission is to promote the study, development and application of radical political economic analysis to social problems. Concretely, this involves a continuing critique of both the capitalist system, and of all forms of exploitation and oppression. URPE’s mission also includes, coming out of this critique, helping to construct a progressive social policy, and a human-centered radical alternative to capitalism.
Environmental catastrophe looms large over politics: from the young person’s climate march to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s Green New Deal, increasing amounts of political space are devoted to the issue. Central to this debate is the question of whether economic growth inevitably leads to environmental issues such as depleted finite resources and increased waste, disruption of natural cycles and ecosystems, and of course climate change. Growth is the focal point of the de-growth and zero-growth movements who charge that despite efficiency gains, increased GDP always results in increased use of energy and emissions. On the other side of the debate, advocates of continued growth (largely mainstream economists) believe that technological progress and policies can ‘decouple’ growth from emissions.
How countries achieve long-term GDP growth is up there with the most important topics in economics. As Nobel Laureate Robert Lucas put it “the consequences for human welfare involved in questions like these are simply staggering: once one starts to think about them, it is hard to think about anything else.” Ricardo Hausmann et al take a refreshing approach to this question in their Atlas of Economic Complexity. They argue a country’s growth depends on the complexity of its economy: it must have a diverse economy which produces a wide variety of products, including ones that cannot be produced much elsewhere. The Atlas goes into detail on exactly what complexity means, how it fits the data, and what this implies for development. Below I will offer a summary of their arguments, including some cool data visualisations.
The page "Positive Money" gathers text and short videos which explain how money is created by banks by giving loans. It furthermore presents the consequences of this process on housing prices, inequality and the environment and its role in the financial crisis. The dossier is provided by the campaign "Positive Money" which aims at a democratic control over money creation. Besides texts by the campaign, the page makes available links to journal and conference articles on the topic. The page focuses on the banking system of the UK.
The podcast exposes the concept and principles of co-operatives and the three main types of co-operatives: the consumer, credit and farmers buying and selling co-operatives. Furthermore, the history of the co-operative movement is presented. The authors draw the line from co-operatives to "degrowth" by arguing that these organisations discourage profit maximisation due to their ownership structure, their social purpose and their primacy of people over capital. The value of the members' co-operative share does not increase with the growth of a co-operative and it can not be used for speculation. Finally, the authors give examples for current co-operatives which empower (local) communities fostering social justice and environmentalism.
The documentary proceeds along the lines of Karl Marx' biography, inquiring into his workings as a journalist, social scientist, revolutionary and historian and his travels through Europe. In chronological order historical events, such as the 1848 revolution or the Paris Commune as well as concepts such as dialectics, the labour theory of value or the reform-revolution debate are revisited. The documentary is narrated by John Kenneth Galbraith and by an actor, who plays Marx and recites quotes from his writings.
First the emergence of the Austrian school is described regarding the historical context and other schools of thought that were presence at its inception. Emphasis is given to the methodological differences and disputes that members of the Austrian schools had with representatives of the German historical school. Then some defining theoretical and methodological features of the Austrian school are explained. Later, Friedrun Quaas gives an overview of the different generations of scholars associated with the school and their theories, research questions and concepts. Against the background of this knowledge the question as to whether the question as to whether the Austrian school is sufficiently homogenous to denote a consistent paradigm is discussed. At the end, some general, philosophy of science oriented, questions concerning pluralism in the social sciences are posed.
Feminist economics is a key component of the movement for pluralism in economics and one that has, to some extent, been acknowledged by the mainstream of the profession. It seeks to highlight issues which affect women because (it claims) they have not traditionally been recognised in a field dominated by men. On top of this, it seeks to carve out a space for women in the discipline, both for intrinsic reasons of fairness and diversity and because it means that women’s issues are more likely to be highlighted going forward.
First historical instances of colonialism such as the crusades are revisited. Then a lengthy account of the colonial experience of the Spanish Kingdom in South America and of the British Empire in India is given. The Indian case is illustrated with large amounts of archival materials from a colonial administrator. There the workings of the colonial bureaucracy and law and its (positive) achievements as well as the ignorance and arrogance of the external rulers are demonstrated. After narrating the Indian independence to some depth some recent colonial wars (Algeria, Vietnam, Congo, Angola) are briefly examined. In the end, the impact of colonialism on current, i.e. 1970s, (economic) international relations is discussed. The general tenor is that colonialism is a dysfunctional system. Still, agency is mostly placed with the empire rather than with the ruled.
The dossier first discusses the impact of colonialism on introducing foreign plants and thus disrupting ecosystems. Subsequently the case of the knotweed, a plant introduced from Japan to the UK and now considered a threat to biodiversity is explored. The complex economy built around the plant consisting of regulations, pesticides, experts, and landowners is then explored.
John K. Galbraith recounts episodes in the history of money such as the creation of the bank of Amsterdam, John Law's fraudulent Bank Royal, the inception of the Bank of England and of the Federal Reserve to illustrate concepts such as money creation by commercial banks, the bank rate, open market operations or the money supply in general. The emotions, myths and struggles surrounding money are addressed and explained in a clear and consistent manner.
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